ŠĻą”±į>ž’ –™ž’’’˜—’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’¾ó™¦E P 8 > - H #"$L$‚'†'Ø>Ŗ>B.BdEhET TŠ\Œ\*s>wz.zd}h}Œ ŒŠ”Œ”*«>Ʋ0²fµjµ Ä ÄŒĢŽĢ,ć@ēżūūūūūłõūłņģņūłņģņūłņģņ 5B*CJCJ5B*H*5>*/@*B*$-&-ī1š1&6(6ž;<Ø>Ŗ>BB.B0BųDśD"H$HKKŠOŅOT TąYāYŠ\żżżżżżūżżżūżżųżżżżżżżżżżūżżż$WILDLIFE THROUGH THE SEASONS The following is a collection of mini articles by Keith Wakerley used in the South Notts Newsletter to show how the changing seasons efect our local wildlife. WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR IN LATE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER Spring is a time of frenetic activity and almost constant change. Migrant birds make a welcome return and start establishing territories and building nests. The sap begins to rise in the trees, the buds burst and the first leaves unfurl. More and more plants come into flower, offering pollen and nectar to the increasing number of insects that will pollinate them. One of the best places to appreciate this season is a bluebell wood in mid-May. Native bluebells are a richer shade of blue than their pale garden relatives; the bells are smaller and are held in clusters higher up longer, thinner stems. At Bunny Wood they carpet the woodland floor, tumble down the slopes and cast a blue haze across the clearings. If you arrive early enough you will still be able to hear bird song cascading down from the trees. It is generally the male of the species that sings. He sings either to attract a mate (as many newly arrived migrants may be doing at this time of year) or to proclaim ownership of a territory to males of the same species (as many resident birds will be doing). To fully appreciate the dawn chorus you will need to be out before first light. As spring turns to summer the floral display reaches its peak. Herbs, grasses and even common hedgerow shrubs come into flower. Perhaps the flower, which epitomises this season, is the orchid. A visit to Wilwell Farm Cutting or Wilford Clay Pits in June will see common spotted and southern marsh orchids flowering in profusion. The flowers are similar to antirrhinums in shape but more open and attractive in form, with spots or stripes at the throat. The colour of the flowers varies from pale lady smock pink to deep knapweed purple. Some of the flower spikes are over two feet tall and en masse they form a spectacle not to be missed. By July many plants have flowered and are transferring their energies to producing seeds or berries. Bird song has decreased as many species are frantically collecting food for ravenous youngsters or skulking in the bushes moulting. This is the time to start looking for eye-catching insects such as dragonflies and damselflies. To distinguish one from the other, observe how they position their wings when perched. Damselflies generally hold their wings along the body, whereas dragonflies hold their wings out at 90-degree angles to the body. A visit to Skylarks Nature Reserve or anywhere close to water in July is likely to be rewarded with sightings of several species. Dragonflies quartering the waterside vegetation on stained glass wings are, for me, one of the quintessential sights of high summer. In this short article it has only been possible to give a few examples of what to look out for in late spring and early summer. To fully appreciate the natural spectacles of an English summer, it is best to go out and experience them for yourself. THE SEASONS PROGRESS For many people life is so hectic that they barely notice the passing of the seasons. Our daily lives no longer revolve around the rhythms of the seasons, as our ancestors would have done. By going out for a regular walk and closely observing the natural world it is possible to notice the subtle weekly changes that mark the slow progress of the seasons. For wildlife the new year does not begin on January 1st but the day after the winter solstice. The seasonal cycles of our flora and½¾#žžžžž fauna are driven by a combination of day length and temperature. This is why on mild February days, birdsong will be louder and over wintering butterflies may emerge, only for the bird song to subside and the butterflies to go back into hiding until sprin¾ó™¦E P 8 > - H #"$L$‚'†'Ø>Ŗ>B.BdEhET TŠ\Œ\*s>wz.zd}h}Œ ŒŠ”Œ”*«>Æżūūūūūłõūłņģņūłņģņ 5B*CJCJ5B*H*5>*%Š\Œ\Ź\Ģ\‚`„`XcZc,h.h"k$k”o–o*s>wzz.z0zų|ś|"€$€ƒƒŠ‡Ņ‡Œżūłłłłłłłłłłłł÷łłōłłłłłłłłłł$ THE SEASONS PROGRESS For many people life is so hectic that they barely notice the passing of the seasons. Our daily lives no longer revolve around the rhythms of the seasons, as our ancestors would have done. By going out for a regular walk and closely observing the natural world it is possible to notice the subtle weekly changes that mark the slow progress of the seasons. For wildlife the new year does not begin on January 1st but the day after the winter solstice. The seasonal cycles of our flora and fauna are driven by a combination of day length and temperature. This is why on mild February days, birdsong will be louder and over wintering butterflies may emerge, only for the bird song to subside and the butterflies to go back into hiding until spring truly arrives. After the shortest day, bird song increases as more and more birds proclaim ownership of their breeding territories. Robins and wrens sing throughout the year but in late December other resident species begin to join them. In March, the dawn chorus is augmented by the first of the migrants, and reaches a crescendo in May, when the last of the migrant species arrive. Snow often falls in the early months of the year, providing an ideal opportunity to go out and look for wildlife tracks. With the help of a good field guide and a lot of perseverance it is possible to become familiar with the tracks of most common mammals. A quicker way to learn is to attend one of the Trust s training days and become an otter or water vole surveyor. Once you hg truly arrives. After the shortest day, bird song increases as more and more birds proclaim ownership of their breeding territories. Robins and wrens sing throughout the year but in late December other resident species begin to join them. In March, the dawn chorus is augmented by the first of the migrants, and reaches a crescendo in May, when the last of the migrant species arrive. Snow often falls in the early months of the year, providing an ideal opportunity to go out and look for wildlife tracks. With the help of a good field guide and a lot of perseverance it is possible to become familiar with the tracks of most common mammals. A quicker way to learn is to attend one of the Trust s training days and become an otter or water vole surveyor. Once you have mastered animal tracks a fall of snow becomes exciting. An early morning walk in pristine snow is like walking across a clean white sheet of paper, on which the creatures of the night have written the story of their activities. When temperatures rise again and the snow melts, plants will continue to develop. Beneath south facing hedges, the first fresh green leaves will be pushing through the undergrowth in February. In March, Blackthorn will be decked in a profusion of small, brilliant white, star shaped flowers. By early April, the shrub layer in woods will be flushed with green, although hedgerow shrubs may not be in full leaf until later in the month. Trees generally come into leaf later, it could even be early May before their leaves begin to unfurl. Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are certain species of bumble bee. Only the queens survive the winter, emerging in March to search for nest holes in which to begin this year s brood. These bumble bees can cope with the cold weather because they are covered in fine hairs, which act like fur coats trapping air to keep them warm. They are also unusual among invertebrates in that they can, to some extent, generate their own body heat by shivering their flight muscles. Through close observation of your local patch you will not only become more aware of the variety of flora and fauna it contains, but also the effects that the seasons progress has upon them. More importantly, a regular walk offers an opportunity to slow down and restore your connection with the natural world, albeit only for a few hours. WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR IN AUTUMN Screaming flocks of swifts overhead and the first ripe blackberries in the hedgerows mark the passing of high summer. In early August the majority of swifts will depart. Within a month, large flocks of swallows will be gathering over lakes and gravel pits and, by the end of September, house martins will be following them south. At this time of year it is difficult not to feel sad at the passing of summer, but for anyone interested in wildlife autumn has its own rewards. The wistful autumn song of the robin is the predominant sound of early autumn. Most birds only sing during the breeding season, to hold territory and attract a mate. Robins, along with wrens, continue to sing throughout the year. Robins are also unusual in that the females, as well as the males, sing and defend winter territories in all but harshest weather. As the days grow shorter and the nights longer insects become less active, so autumn is a good time to take a really close look at them. The last languid dragonflies can be found warming themselves in the waning sun on bare ground or south facing vegetation, close to water. Late flying butterflies are often to be found sipping the juices from blackberries or windfall apples. Several species, such as small tortoiseshells, peacocks, and commas will over winter as adults, others such as the migrant red admiral, which spread north during the summer, will drift south again before they are killed by winter frosts. Butterflies are not alone in taking advantage of the fruits of autumn. Migrant warblers will top up their energy supplies with elderberries. Foxes will eat so many blackberries that their droppings turn purple, making their movements much easier to track; and squirrels and voles will be take advantage of the glut of seeds and nuts by storing them for leaner times in winter. Fungi could also be described as  fruits of autumn. To be more precise they are the  fruiting bodies of mushrooms and other fungi whose thread like mycelium run through the soil unseen. It is the increased moisture of autumn that induces the fungi to produce these fruiting bodies, which serve a similar purpose to the fruits of plants  reproduction and dispersal. Mushrooms for example, release fungal spores in large quantities from the brown gills beneath their caps, which are blown on the wind, settle on the soil and form new colonies in suitable conditions. As the days grow shorter, deciduous trees and shrubs put on a natural firework display of yellows, oranges, reds and browns. This display is the result of the trees withdrawing the green chlorophyll that gave the leaves their colour, exposing the fiery colours of the other chemicals in the leaves. The tree then pumps waste products into the leaves, which may change their colour again, before the leaf joint is sealed and the leaf snaps off in the breeze. Autumn, far from being a sad time of year, is a magical time, a time of transition, between the lush greens of summer and the stark browns of winter. A time when the local bird life is reshuffled, with summer migrants leaving and winter migrants arriving. A time to get really close views of beautiful insects and take in the visual and culinary feasts that the save mastered animal tracks a fall of snow becomes exciting. An early morning walk in pristine snow is like walking across a clean white sheet of paper, on which the creatures of the night have written the story of their activities. When temperatures rise ½¾óōbcĀĆ~  ž ’ é ź "#*+# $"$L$N$''@*żūūūłūūūūūūūūūūūūūūūūūūöūūūū$°‚. °ĘA!°"°Ć#Ŗ$ %° THE SEASONS PROGRESS For many people life is so hectic that they barely notice the passing of the seasons. Our daily lives no longer revolve around the rhythms of the seasons, as our ancestors would have done. By going out for a regular walk and closely observing the natural world it is possible to notice the subtle weekly changes that mark the slow progress of the seasons. For wildlife the new year does not begin on January 1st but the day after the winter solstice. The seasonal cycles of our flora and fauna are driven by a combination of day length and temperature. This is why on mild February days, birdsong will be louder and over wintering butterflies may emerge, only for the bird song to subside and the butterflies to go back into hiding until spring truly arrives. After the shortest day, bird song increases as more and more birds proclaim ownership of their breeding territories. Robins and wrens sing throughout the year but in late December other resident species begin to join them. In March, the dawn chorus is augmented by the first of the migrants, and reaches a crescendo in May, when the last of the migrant species arrive. Snow often falls in the early months of the year, providing an ideal opportunity to go out and look for wildlife tracks. With the help of a good field guide and a lot of perseverance it is possible to become familiar with the tracks of most common mammals. A quicker way to learn is to attend one of the Trust s training days and become an otter or water vole surveyor. Once you have mastered animal tracks a fall of snow becomes exciting. An early morning walk in pristine snow is like walking across a clean white sheet of paper, on which the creatures of the night have written the story of their activities. When temperatures rise again and the snow melts, plants will continue to develop. Beneath south facing hedges, the first fresh green leaves will be pushing through the undergrowth in February. In March, Blackthorn will be decked in a profusion of small, brilliant white, star shaped flowers. By early April, the shrub layer in woods will be flushed with green, although hedgerow shrubs may not be in full leaf until later in the month. Trees generally come into leaf later, it could even be early May before their leaves begin to unfurl. Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are certain species of bumble bee. Only the queens survive the winter, emerging in March to search for nest holes in which to begin this year s brood. These bumble bees can cope with the cold weather because they are covered in fine hairs, which act like fur coats trapping air to keep them warm. They are also unusual among invertebrates in that they can, to some extent, generate their own body heat by shivering their flight muscles. Through close observation of your local patch you will not only become more aware of the variety of flora and fauna it contains, but also the effects that the seasons progress has upon them. More importantly, a regular walk offers an opportunity to slow down and restore your connection with the natural world, albeit only for a few hours. again and the snow melts, plants will continue to develop. Beneath south facing hedges, the first fresh green leaves will be pushing through the undergrowth in February. In March, Blackthorn will be decked in a profusion of small, brilliant white, star shaeason has to offer. All this is intensified by the quality of light produced by low angle of the sun, and wrapped in autumn mists caused by rising moisture. Œ Œą‘ā‘Š”Œ”Ź”Ģ”‚˜„˜X›Z›, . "£$£”§–§*«>Ʋ²0²2²ś“ü“$ø&ø»żūūūżłūūūūūūūūūūūū÷ūūōūūūūūū$ped flowers. By early April, the shrub layer in woods will be flushed with green, although hedgerow shrubs may not be in full leaf until later in the month. Trees generally come into leaf later, it could even be early May before their leaves begin to unfurl. Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are certain species of bumble bee. Only the queens survive the winter, emerging in March to search for nest holes in which to begin this year s brood. These bumble bees can cope with the cold weather because they are covered in fine hairs, which act like fur coats trapping air to keep them warm. They are also unusual among invertebrates in that they can, to some extent, generate their own body heat by shivering their flight muscles. Through close observation of your local patch you will not only become more aware of the variety of flora and fauna it contains, but also the effects that the seasons progress has upon them. More importantly, a regular walk offers an opportunity to slow down and restore your connection with the natural world, albeit only for a few hours. WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR IN AUTUMN Screaming flocks of swifts overhead and the first ripe blackberries in the hedgerows mark the passing of high summer. In early August the majority of swifts will depart. Within a month, large flocks of swallows will be gathering over lakes and gravel pits and, by the end of September, house martins will be following them south. At this time of year it is difficult not to feel sad at the passing of summer, but for anyone interested in wildlife autumn has its own rewards. The wistful autumn song of the robin is the predominant sound of early autumn. Most birds only sing during the breeding season, to hold territory and attract a mate. Robins, along with wrens, continue to sing throughout the year. Robins are also unusual in that the females, as well as the males, sing and defend winter territories in all but harshest weather. As the days grow shorter and the nights longer insects become less active, so autumn is a good time to take a really close look at them. The last languid dragonflies can be found warming themselves in the waning sun on bare ground or south facing vegetation, close to water. Late flying butterflies are often to be found sipping the juices from blackberries or windfall apples. Several species, such as small tortoiseshells, peacocks, and commas will over winter as adults, others such as the migrant red admiral, which spread north during the summer, will drift south again before they are killed by winter frosts. Butterflies are not alone in taking advantage of the fruits of autumn. Migrant warblers will top up their energy supplies with elderberries. Foxes will eat so many blackberries that their droppings turn purple, making their movementsf THE SEASONS PROGRESS For many people life is so hectic that they barely notice the passing of the seasons. Our daily lives no longer revolve around the rhythms of the seasons, as our ancestors would have done. By going out for a regular walk and closely observing the natural world it is possible to notice the subtle weekly changes that mark the slow progress of the seasons. For wildlife the new year does not begin on January 1st but the day after the winter solstice. The seasonal cycles of our flora and fauna are driven by a combination of day length and temperature. This is why on mild February days, birdsong will be louder and over wintering butterflies may emerge, only for the bird song to subside and the butterflies to go back into hiding until spring truly arrives. After the shortest day, bird song increases as more and more birds proclaim ownership of their breeding territories. Robins and wrens sing throughout the year but in late December other resident species begin to join them. In March, the much easier to track; and squirrels and voles will be take advantage of the glut of seeds and nuts by storing them for leaner times in winter. Fungi could also be described as  fruits of autumn. To be more precise they are the  fruiting bodies of mushrooms and other fungi whose thread like mycelium run through the soil unseen. It is the increased moisture of autumn that induces the fungi to produce these fruiting bodies, which serve a similar purpose to the fruits of plants  reproduction and dispersal. Mushrooms for example, release fungal spores in large quantities from the brown gills beneath their caps, which are blown on the wind, settle on the soil and form new colonies in suitable conditions. As the days grow shorter, deciduous trees and shrubs put on a natural firework display of yellows, oranges, reds and browns. This display is the result of the trees withdrawing the green chlorophyll that gave the leaves their colour, exposing the fiery colours of the other chemicals in the leaves. The tree then pumps waste products into the leaves, which may change their colour again, before the leaf joint is sealed and the leaf snaps off in the breeze. Autumn, far from being a sad time of year, is a magical time, a time of transition, between the lush greens of summer and the stark browns of winter. A time when the local bird life is reshuffled, with summer migrants leaving and winter migrants arriving. A time to get really close views of beautiful insects and take in the visual and culinary feasts that the sdawn chorus is augmented by the first of the migrants, and reaches a crescendo in May, when the last of the migrant species arrive. Snow often falls in the early months of the year, providing an ideal opportunity to go out and look for wildlife tracks. With the help of a good field guide and a lot of perseverance it is possible to become familiar with the tracks of most common mammals. A quicker way to learn is to attend one of the Trust s training days and become an otter or water vole surveyor. Once you have mastered animal tracks a fall of snow becomes exciting. An early morning walk in pristine snow is like walking across a clean white sheet of paper, on which the creatures of the night have written the story of their activities. When temperatures rise again and the snow melts, plants will continue to develop. Beneath south facing hedges, the first fresh green leaves will be pushing through the undergrowth in February. In March, Blackthorn will be decked in a profusion of small, brilliant white, star shaped flowers. By early April, the shrub layer in woods will be flushed with green, although hedgerow shrubs may not be in full leaf until later in the month. Trees generally come into leaf later, it could even be early May before their leaves begin to unfurl. Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects such as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are Trees and shrubs, which flower in March or April, provide pollen and nectar for early insects # $ 9 : ž Ÿ 34„¦  &'gh‡ˆcdĪĻ89³ “ ģ"ķ"·$Į&Ä& €€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€«@€€«@€€«@€€«@€€«@€€«@€€«@€€«@€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€ €€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€š€€«@€ś«@€śš€€>w@*Š\>w <#’’UnknownAllan StrattonDyne£ØćļÄ&’’DyneCC:\My Documents\Gordon\Web Site\Originals\KW Article Collection.doc’@€Į&Į&@Į&Į& £*CJ<" $ 8 9   ŒĀ&'ĀĆ_ghyˆģ"ķ"¶$·$Ą&Į&Ā&P@PBQBP,BP.BQŽCPąCQŌNPÖNP@QPTQ TQ@UQBUQzVPŽYPŠ\QŒ\P®\PĢ\P”oQ–oP(sQ*sP'’’WILDLIFE THROUGH THE SEASONSDyneDynesuch as bees and butterflies. Among the earliest visitors are certain species of bumble bee. Only the queens survive the winter, emerging in March to search for nest holes in which to begin this year s brood. These bumble bees can cope with the cold weather because they are covered in fine hairs, which act like fur coats trapping air to keep them warm. They are also unusual among invertebrates in that they can, to some extent, generate their own body heat by shivering their flight muscles. Through close observation of your local patch you will not only become more aware of the variety of flora and fauna it contains, but also the effects that the seasons progress has upon them. More importantly, a regular walk offers an opportunity to slow down and restore your connection with the natural world, albeit only for a few hours. WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR IN AUTUMN Screaming flocks of swifts overhead and the first ripe blackberries in the hedgerows mark the passing of high summer. In early August the majority of swieason has to offer. All this is intensified by the quality of light produced by low angle of the sun, and wrapped in autumn mists caused by rising moisture. Œ Œą‘ā‘Š”Œ”Ź”Ģ”‚˜„˜X›Z›, . "£$£”§–§*«>Æżūūūżłūūūūūūūūūūūū÷fts will depart. Within a month, large flocks of swallows will be gathering over lakes and gravel pits and, by the end of September, house martins will be following them south. At this time of year it is difficult not to feel sad at the passing of summer, but for anyone interested in wildlife autumn has its own rewards. The wistful autumn song of the robin is the predominant sound of early autumn. Most birds only sing during the breeding season, to hold territory and attract a mate. Robins, along with wrens, continue to sing throughout the year. Robins are also unusual in that the females, as well as the males, sing and defend winter territories in all but harshest weather. As the days grow shorter and the nights longer insects become less active, so autumn is a good time to take a really close look at them. The last languid dragonflies can be found warming themselves in the waning sun on bare ground or south facing vegetation, close to water. Late flying butterflies are often to be found sipping the juices from blackberries or windfall apples. Several species, such as small tortoiseshells, peacocks, and commas will over winter as adults, others such as the migrant red admiral, which spread north during the summer, will drift south again before they are killed by winter frosts. Butterflies are not alone in taking advantage of the fruits of autumn. Migrant warblers will top up their energy supplies with elderberries. Foxes will eat so many blackberries that their droppings turn purple, making their movements much easier to track; and squirrels and voles will be take advantage of the glut of seeds and nuts by storing them for leaner times in winter. Fungi could also be described as  fruits of autumn. To be more precise they are the  fruiting bodies of mushrooms and other fungi whose thread like mycelium run through the soil unseen. 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The tree then pumps waste products into the leaves, which may change their colour again, before the leaf joint is sealed and the leaf snaps off in the breeze. Autumn, far from being a sad time of year, is a magical time, a time of transition, between the lush greens of summer and the stark browns of winter. A time when the local bird life is reshuffled, with summer migrants leaving and winter migrants arriving. A time to get really close views of beautiful insects and take in the visual and culinary feasts that the season has to offer. 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